AI visibility is how often, and how favourably, a brand is named when a buyer asks ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude or Perplexity for a recommendation. It is measured by appearance rate on buyer-intent prompts and the sources the engines cite to justify the answer. Google says its own AI features are "rooted in our core Search ranking and quality systems", not a separate discipline with its own tricks, and its May 2026 guidance is explicit that structured data is not required and that keyword-form rewrites and extra chunking files are unnecessary. The answer also changes what the buyer does next: in Pew Research Center's browsing data for 900 US adults (March 2025, published July 2025), people clicked a traditional result link in 8 percent of Google visits that showed an AI summary and in 15 percent of visits that did not.
Most of what gets sold as generative engine optimisation does not survive contact with a controlled test. The peer-reviewed record finds citation-oriented rewrites are mostly null in realistic pipelines and can reduce a page's chance of being retrieved at all. Schema markup measured negative for AI Overview citation in Ahrefs' matched difference-in-differences test (May 2026): 1,885 pages that added JSON-LD saw AI Overview citations fall 4.6 percent relative to 4,000 matched control pages, while the changes in AI Mode and ChatGPT were statistically indistinguishable from zero. What holds up, across the academic and industry data both: close relevance between a page and the literal question asked, a self-contained sourced answer near the top of the page, and presence in the earned, independent sources the engine already trusts.
We set out the full graded evidence, source by source, in Retrieved, Ranked, Cited, including where the evidence disagrees with itself and where a widely repeated claim turned out to be folklore.